Benthic marine calcifiers coexist with CaCO3-undersaturated

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TitleBenthic marine calcifiers coexist with CaCO3-undersaturated seawater worldwideAbstractOcean acidification and decreasing seawater saturation state with respect to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals have raised concerns about the consequences to marine organisms that build CaCO3 structures. A large proportion of benthic marine calcifiers incorporate Mg2+ into their skeletons (Mg-calcite), which, in general, reduces mineral stability. The relative vulnerability of some marine calcifiers to ocean acidification appears linked to the relative solubility of their shell or skeletal mineralogy, although some organisms have sophisticated mechanisms for constructing and maintaining their CaCO3 structures causing deviation from this dependence. Nevertheless, few studies consider seawater saturation state with respect to the actual Mg-calcite mineralogy (ΩMg‐x) of a species when evaluating the effect of ocean acidification on that species. Here, a global dataset of skeletal mole percent MgCO3 of benthic calcifiers and in situ environmental conditions spanning a depth range of 0 m (subtidal/neritic) to 5600 m (abyssal) was assembled to calculate in situ ΩMg‐x. This analysis shows that 24 percent of the studied benthic calcifiers currently experience seawater mineral undersaturation (ΩMg‐x < 1). As a result of ongoing anthropogenic ocean acidification over the next 200 to 3000 years, the predicted decrease in seawater mineral saturation will expose approximately 57 percent of all studied benthic calcifying species to seawater undersaturation. These observations reveal a surprisingly high proportion of benthic marine calcifiers exposed to seawater that is undersaturated with respect to their skeletal mineralogy, underscoring the importance of using species-specific seawater mineral saturation states when investigating the impact of CO2-induced ocean acidification on benthic marine calcification. Copyright 2016. The Authors.AcknowledgementsSupporting data are included as full tables in the SI files; additional data can be obtained from M.L. (email: mlebrato13@gmail.com). Two anonymous referees are acknowledged for their valuable feedback. M.L. and M.D.I.R were supported by the "European Project on Ocean Acidification"(EPOCA), which received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 211384. M.L. was also supported by the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) and by the Center of Excellence The Future Ocean. In addition to the images provided by the authors institutions, images were provided by K.L. Smith of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. A.J.A was funded by NSF grant OCE 12-55042. D.J. and H.A.R were supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council as part of the Marine Environmental Mapping Programme (MAREMAP). M.D.L. had logistical support from Antarctica New Zealand. Additional support for work in Antarctica was provided by NSF awards ANT-0838773 to Charles D. Amsler and J.B.M.; ANT-1041022 to J.B.M., C.D.A., and Robert A. Angus. J.B.M. acknowledges the support of an endowed professorship in polar and marine biology provided by UAB. J.B.R. acknowledges support from NOAA awards NA13OAR4310186 and NA14NMF4540072 and NSF awards OCE-1459706, OCE-1437371, and MRI-1429373. W.K. and A.O. were funded by the German BIOACID program (BMBF 03F0655A). M.D.L. had support from Antarctica New Zealand and the New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute. This paper is contribution 143 from the Institute for Research on Global Climate Change at the Florida Institute of Technology and contribution 337 from the Northeastern University Marine Science Center.Funding DetailsAntarctica New Zealand; NA13OAR4310186, NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; NA14NMF4540072, NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

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1st AuthorLebrato, M.AuthorLebrato, M.Andersson, A.Ries, J.Aronson, R.Lamare, M.Koeve, W.Oschlies, A.Iglesias-Rodriguez, M.Thatje, S.Amsler, M.Vos, S.Jones, D.Ruhl, H.Gates, A.McClintock, J.Year2016JournalGlobal Biogeochemical CyclesVolume30Number7Pages1038-1053DOI10.1002/2015GB005260URLhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/recor.....c1f160eedb3f4af84ca98b348Keywordsrank5

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TypeArticleCitationLebrato, M., Andersson, A., Ries, J., Aronson, R., Lamare, M., Koeve, W., Oschlies, A., Iglesias-Rodriguez, M., Thatje, S., Amsler, M., Vos, S., Jones, D., Ruhl, H., Gates, A. and McClintock, J. (2016). Benthic marine calcifiers coexist with CaCO3-undersaturated seawater worldwide. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 30(7): 1038-1053