Environmental drivers of viral community composition in Anta

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TitleEnvironmental drivers of viral community composition in Antarctic soils identified by viromicsAbstractBACKGROUND: The Antarctic continent is considered the coldest and driest place on earth with simple ecosystems, devoid of higher plants. Soils in the ice-free regions of Antarctica are known to harbor a wide range of microorganisms from primary producers to grazers, yet their ecology and particularly the role of viruses is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the virus community structures of 14 soil samples from the Mackay Glacier region. METHODS: Viral communities were extracted from soil and the dsDNA was extracted, amplified using single-primer amplification, and sequenced using the Ion Torrent Proton platform. Metadata on soil physico-chemistry was collected from all sites. Both read and contig datasets were analyzed with reference-independent and reference-dependent methods to assess viral community structures and the influence of environmental parameters on their distribution. RESULTS: We observed a high heterogeneity in virus signatures, independent of geographical proximity. Tailed bacteriophages were dominant in all samples, but the incidences of the affiliated families Siphoviridae and Myoviridae were inversely correlated, suggesting direct competition for hosts. Viruses of the families Phycodnaviridae and Mimiviridae were present at significant levels in high-diversity soil samples and were found to co-occur, implying little competition between them. Combinations of soil factors, including pH, calcium content, and site altitude, were found to be the main drivers of viral community structure. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of viral community structure with higher levels of diversity at lower altitude and pH, and co-occurring viral families, suggests that these cold desert soil viruses interact with each other, the host, and the environment in an intricate manner, playing a potentially crucial role in maintaining host diversity and functioning of the microbial ecosystem in the extreme environments of Antarctic soil.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to gratefully thank Antarctica New Zealand and New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute for logistics and financial support and BE Dutilh for his assistance with crAss. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions which improved the quality of the manuscript.Other fields

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1st AuthorAdriaenssens, E. AuthorAdriaenssens, E.Kramer, R.Van Goethem, M.Makhalanyane, T.Hogg, I.Cowan, D.Year2017JournalMicrobiomeVolume5Number1Pages83DOI10.1186/s40168-017-0301-7URLhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/recor.....e0900090c3bb77d813c2055a0KeywordsRNA 16S, Antarcticabacteriophageclassificationecosystemenvironmentgeneticsisolation and purificationmicrobiologyphylogenyvirusvirus genome, Antarctic RegionsBacteriophagesEcosystemEnvironmentGenome, ViralPhylogenyRNA, Ribosomal, 16SSoil MicrobiologyViruses, rank5Author KeywordsAntarcticaSoilViral community structureViral diversityViromics

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CitationAdriaenssens, E., Kramer, R., Van Goethem, M., Makhalanyane, T., Hogg, I. and Cowan, D. (2017). Environmental drivers of viral community composition in Antarctic soils identified by viromics. Microbiome, 5(1):83Relevancerank5Antarctica NZ supported?YesNZARI?No