Ocean acidification and fertilization in the Antarctic sea u

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TitleOcean acidification and fertilization in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri: The Importance of polyspermyAbstractOcean acidification (OA), the reduction of the seawater pH as a result of increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, is an important climate change stressor in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic. We examined the impact of OA on fertilization success in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri using pH treatment conditions reflective of the current and near-future pÌH seascape Ìfor this species: current (control: pH 8.052, 384.1 Î¼atm of pCO2), a high CO2 treatment approximating the 0.2-0.3 unit decrease in pH predicted for 2100 (high CO2: pH 7.830, 666.0 Î¼atm of pCO2), and an intermediate medium CO2 (pH 7.967, 473.4 Î¼atm of pCO2). Using a fertilization kinetics approach and mixed-effect models, we observed significant variation in the OA response between individual male/female pairs (N = 7) and a significant population-level increase (70-100%) in tb (time for a complete block to polyspermy) at medium and high CO2, a mechanism that potentially explains the higher levels of abnormal development seen in OA conditions. However, two pairs showed higher fertilization success with CO2 treatment and a nonsignificant effect. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms and levels of interindividual variability in OA response, so that we can consider the potential for selection and adaptation of organisms to a future ocean. â"' 2013 American Chemical Society.AcknowledgementsWe thank R. Robbins and S. Rupp for urchin collections, personnel of Raytheon Polar Services for support during our field work, and our fellow Bravo 134 members in Antarctica (P. Matson, E. Rivest, and E. Hunter) and at UCSB (Dr. J. Dutton) for assistance with seawater chemistry. We thank J. Havenhand and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. Funding was provided from the United States National Science Foundation (Grant ANT-0944201 to G.E.H., Grant ANT-1019340 to P.C.Y., and a GSRF to L.K.), from a UCSB Block Grant (L.K.), and from the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (to M.A.S.).

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1st AuthorSewell, M.AuthorSewell, M.Millar, R.Yu, P.Kapsenberg, L.Hofmann, G.Year2014JournalEnvironmental Science and TechnologyVolume48Number1Pages713-722DOI10.1021/es402815sURLhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/recor.....5354aca2bd672fb647995a602KeywordsAcidificationClimate changeMammalsOceanographyShellfish, Atmospheric COFertilization successMixed-effect modelsOcean acidificationsPH treatmentPolyspermySea urchinSouthern ocean, Carbon dioxide, carbon dioxidecarbon dioxidesea water, acidificationclimate changeclimate effectechinodermfertilizer applicationpHreductionseawater, acidificationarticleconductancefemalefertilizationmalenonhumanocean acidificationpHpolyspermysea urchinspermatozoon densitySterechinus neumayeritemperaturewater treatmentadaptationanimalAntarcticachemistryclimate changefertilizationphysiologyseasea urchinspermatogenesistheoretical model, AntarcticaSouthern Ocean, Adaptation, PhysiologicalAnimalsAntarctic RegionsCarbon DioxideClimate ChangeFemaleFertilizationHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationMaleModels, TheoreticalOceans and SeasSea UrchinsSeawaterSpermatogenesis, rank1

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TypeArticleCitationSewell, M., Millar, R., Yu, P., Kapsenberg, L. and Hofmann, G. (2014) Ocean acidification and fertilization in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri: The Importance of polyspermy. Environmental Science and Technology, 48(1): 713-722 doi:10.1021/es402815s